tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26350197490237839472024-03-14T06:27:33.736-07:00ENGLISH TUTORIALCATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.comBlogger26125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-49332980998608068362009-02-08T01:07:00.000-08:002009-04-23T07:47:35.964-07:00CAUSATIVECausative adalah bentuk suruhan/permintaan/perintah<br /><br />Contoh : "Saya minta anda meninggalkan saya."<br /><br /> "Ayah minta sarapannya disiapkan tepat waktu"<br /><br />Untuk membentuk kalimat seperti di atas, dalam bahasa inggris memerlukan tiga kata bantu; make, have, get (meminta/menyuruh)<br /><br /><table border="1"><br /><br /> <tbody><tr><td> Passive</td> <td> Active</td></tr> <tr><td> Subject<br /><br /> +have/get/make +Object passive +V3</td> <td> Subject + have/make + Object<br /><br /> active + Verb 1 + Object passive</td></tr> <tr><td nowrap="nowrap"> </td> <td> Subject<br /><br /> + get + Object active + To Verb 1 + Object passive</td></tr></tbody><br /><br /> </table>CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-57775841779825708682009-01-10T08:54:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.795-07:00Regular Comparatives and Superlatives<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CFidokan%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CFidokan%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><link rel="themeData" 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text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Forming regular comparatives and superlatives<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">How these forms are created depends on how many <i>syllables</i> there are in the adjective. <i>Syllables</i> are like "sound beats". For instance, "sing" contains one syllable, but "singing" contains two -- <i>sing</i> and <i>ing</i>. Here are the rules: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: rgb(102, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: white;">Adjective form</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: rgb(0, 102, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: white;">Comparative</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: rgb(0, 0, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: white;">Superlative</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">Only one syllable, ending in E. Examples:<br /><br /> <i>wide, fine, cute</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Add -R:<br /><br /> <i>wider, finer, cuter</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Add -ST:<br /><br /> <i>widest, finest, cutest</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">Only one syllable, with one vowel and one consonant at the end. Examples:<br /><br /> <i>hot, big, fat</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Double the consonant, and add -ER:<br /><br /> <i>hotter, bigger, fatter</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Double the consonant, and add -EST:<br /><br /> <i>hottest, biggest, fattest</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">Only one syllable, with more than one vowel or more than one consonant at the end. Examples:<br /><br /> <i>light, neat, fast</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Add -ER:<br /><br /> <i>lighter, neater, faster</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Add -EST:<br /><br /> <i>lightest, neatest, fastest</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">Two syllables, ending in Y. Examples:<br /><br /> <i>happy, silly, lonely</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Change Y to I, then add -ER:<br /><br /> <i>happier, sillier, lonelier</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Change Y to I, then add -EST:<br /><br /> <i>happiest, silliest, loneliest</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">Two syllables or more, not ending in Y. Examples:<br /><br /> <i>modern, interesting, beautiful</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Use MORE before the adjective:<br /><br /> <i>more modern, more interesting, more beautiful</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Use MOST before the adjective:<br /><br /> <i>most modern, most interesting, most beautiful</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <hr size="2" width="100%" align="center"> </span></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">How to use comparatives and superlatives<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: rgb(0, 102, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: white;">Comparatives</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Comparatives are used to compare two things. You can use sentences with THAN, or you can use a conjunction like BUT. Examples:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0); line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jiro is taller than Yukio.</span></i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0); line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yukio is tall, but Jiro is taller.</span></i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: rgb(0, 0, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: white;">Superlatives</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 7.5pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Superlatives are used to compare more than two things. Superlative sentences usually use THE, because there is only one superlative. Examples:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102); line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Masami is the tallest in the class.</span></i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102); line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yukio is tall, and Jiro is taller, but Masami is the tallest.</span></i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-3988628526976881152009-01-10T08:39:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.809-07:00Active / Passive Verb Forms<p> Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English.</p> <h3>Active Form </h3> <p> In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.</p> <p>[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]</p> <div class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <p><img style="width: 400px; height: 142px;" src="http://www.englishpage.com/images/verbs/active.gif" /></p> </div> <h3>Passive Form </h3> <p> In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.</p> <p>[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]</p> <div class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <pre><img style="width: 400px; height: 142px;" src="http://www.englishpage.com/images/verbs/passive.gif" /></pre> </div> <h3>Active / Passive Overview</h3> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr> <td><br /></td> <td>Active</td> <td>Passive</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Simple Present</td> <td> <div class="ex">Once a week, Tom <strong>cleans</strong> the house. </div></td> <td> <div class="ex">Once a week, the house <strong>is cleaned</strong> by Tom.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Present Continuous</td> <td> <div class="ex">Right now, Sarah <strong>is writing</strong> the letter.</div> </td> <td> <div class="ex">Right now, the letter <strong>is being written</strong> by Sarah.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Simple Past</td> <td> <div class="ex">Sam <strong>repaired</strong> the car. </div></td> <td> <div class="ex">The car <strong>was repaired</strong> by Sam.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Past Continuous</td> <td> <div class="ex">The salesman <strong>was helping</strong> the customer when the thief came into the store.</div> </td> <td> <div class="ex">The customer <strong>was being helped</strong> by the salesman when the thief came into the store.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Present Perfect</td> <td> <div class="ex">Many tourists <strong>have visited</strong> that castle.</div> </td> <td> <div class="ex">That castle <strong>has been visited</strong> by many tourists.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Present Perfect Continuous</td> <td> <div class="ex">Recently, John <strong>has been doing</strong> the work.</div> </td> <td> <div class="ex">Recently, the work <strong>has been being done</strong> by John.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Past Perfect</td> <td> <div class="ex">George <strong>had repaired</strong> many cars before he received his mechanic's license.</div> </td> <td> <div class="ex">Many cars <strong>had been repaired</strong> by George before he received his mechanic's license.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Past Perfect Continuous</td> <td> <div class="ex">Chef Jones <strong>had been preparing</strong> the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.</div> </td> <td> <div class="ex">The restaurant's fantastic dinners <strong>had been being prepared</strong> by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Simple Future<br /> <em class="comment">will</em><br /></td> <td> <div class="ex">Someone <strong>will finish</strong> the work by 5:00 PM.</div> </td> <td> <div class="ex">The work <strong>will be finished</strong> by 5:00 PM.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Simple Future<br /> <em class="comment">be going to </em><br /> </td> <td><div class="ex">Sally <strong>is going to make</strong> a beautiful dinner tonight.</div> </td> <td><div class="ex">A beautiful dinner <strong>is going to be made</strong> by Sally tonight.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Future Continuous<br /> <em class="comment">will</em></td> <td> <div class="ex">At 8:00 PM tonight, John <strong>will be washing</strong> the dishes.</div> </td> <td> <div class="ex">At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes <strong>will be being washed</strong> by John. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Future Continuous<br /> <em class="comment">be going to </em> </td> <td> <div class="ex">At 8:00 PM tonight, John <strong>is going to be washing</strong> the dishes.</div></td> <td> <div class="ex">At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes <strong>are going to be being washed</strong> by John.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Future Perfect<br /> <em class="comment">will</em></td> <td> <div class="ex">They <strong>will have completed</strong> the project before the deadline.</div> </td> <td> <div class="ex">The project <strong>will have been completed</strong> before the deadline.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Future Perfect<br /> <em class="comment">be going to </em></td> <td> <div class="ex">They <strong>are going to have completed</strong> the project before the deadline. </div></td> <td> <div class="ex">The project <strong>is going to have been completed</strong> before the deadline.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Future Perfect Continuous<br /> <em class="comment">will</em></td> <td> <div class="ex">The famous artist <strong>will have been painting</strong> the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.</div> </td> <td> <div class="ex">The mural <strong>will have been being painted</strong> by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Future Perfect Continuous<br /> <em class="comment">be going to </em></td> <td><div class="ex">The famous artist <strong>is going to have been painting</strong> the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.</div></td> <td> <div class="ex">The mural <strong>is going to have been being painted</strong> by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Used to </td> <td> <div class="ex">Jerry <strong>used to pay</strong> the bills.</div> </td> <td> <div class="ex">The bills <strong>used to be paid</strong> by Jerry.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Would Always</td> <td> <div class="ex">My mother <strong>would always make </strong> the pies.</div></td> <td> <div class="ex">The pies <strong>would always be made </strong> by my mother.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Future in the Past<br /> <em class="comment">Would</em> </td> <td> <div class="ex">I knew John <strong>would finish</strong> the work by 5:00 PM. </div></td> <td> <div class="ex">I knew the work <strong>would be finished</strong> by 5:00 PM. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Future in the Past<br /> <em class="comment">Was Going to </em></td> <td> <div class="ex">I thought Sally <strong>was going to make</strong> a beautiful dinner tonight. </div></td> <td> <div class="ex">I thought a beautiful dinner <strong>was going to be made</strong> by Sally tonight.</div></td></tr></tbody></table>CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-67483206867553812302009-01-10T01:00:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.870-07:00TENSES<div style="text-align: justify;">Verb tenses are tools that English speakers use to express time in their language. You may find that many English tenses do not have direct translations in your language. That is not a problem. By studying this verb tense tutorial, you will learn to think like a native English speaker.</div>CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-19499539008436900422008-12-14T07:42:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.864-07:00GERUND AND INFINITIVEGerunds and Infinitives Part 1<br /><br />1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence<br /> * Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence<br /> * I enjoy reading. object of sentence<br /><br />Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * He enjoys not working.<br /> * The best thing for your health is not smoking.<br /><br />2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * To learn is important. subject of sentence<br /> * The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence<br /> * He wants to learn. object of sentence<br /><br />Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not."<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I decided not to go.<br /> * The most important thing is not to give up.<br /><br />3. Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, as subjects or complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound more abstract. In the following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English. Infinitives emphasize the possibility or potential for something and sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Learning is important. normal subject<br /> * To learn is important. abstract subject - less common<br /> * The most important thing is learning. normal complement<br /> * The most important thing is to learn. abstract complement - less common<br /><br />4. As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a gerund or an infinitive. In such situations, gerunds and infinitives are not normally interchangeable. Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines whether you use a gerund or an infinitive.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * He enjoys swimming. "Enjoy" requires a gerund.<br /> * He wants to swim. "Want" requires an infinitive.<br /><br />5. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects. List of Verbs Followed by Gerunds<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * She suggested going to a movie.<br /> * Mary keeps talking about her problems.<br /><br />6. Some verbs are followed by infinitives. List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * She wants to go to a movie.<br /> * Mary needs to talk about her problems.CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-68044728287445489992008-12-14T07:36:00.001-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.857-07:00FUTURE CONDITIONALFuture Conditionals<br />Future Real Conditional<br />FORM<br /><br />[If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Future ...]<br /><br />[... Simple Future ... if / when ... Simple Present ...]<br /><br />Notice that there is no future in the if- or when-clause.<br />USE<br /><br />The Future Real Conditional describes what you think you will do in a specific situation in the future. It is different from other Real Conditional forms because, unlike the present or the past, you do not know what will happen in the future. Although this form is called "real", you are usually imagining or guessing about the future. It is called "real" because it is still possible that the action might occur in the future. Carefully study the following examples and compare them to the Future Unreal Conditional examples further down the page.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I go to my friend's house for dinner tonight, I will take a bottle of wine or some flowers.<br /> I am still not sure if I will go to his house or not.<br /> * When I have a day off from work, I am going to go to the beach.<br /> I have to wait until I have a day off.<br /> * If the weather is nice, she is going to walk to work.<br /> It depends on the weather.<br /> * Jerry will help me with my homework when he has time.<br /> I have to wait until he has time.<br /> * I am going to read if there is nothing on TV.<br /> It depends on the TV schedule.<br /> * A: What are you going to do if it rains?<br /> B: I am going to stay at home.<br /><br />IMPORTANT If / When<br /><br />Both "if" and "when" are used in the Future Real Conditional, but the use is different from other Real Conditional forms. In the Future Real Conditional, "if" suggests that you do not know if something will happen or not. "When" suggests that something will definitely happen at some point; we are simply waiting for it to occur. Notice also that the Simple Future is not used in if-clauses or when-clauses.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * When you call me, I will give you the address.<br /> You are going to call me later, and at that time, I will give you the address.<br /> * If you call me, I will give you the address.<br /> If you want the address, you can call me.<br /><br />Future Unreal Conditional<br />FORM 1 (Most Common Form)<br /><br />[If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...]<br /><br />[... would + verb ... if ... Simple Past ...]<br /><br />Notice that this form looks the same as Present Unreal Conditional.<br />USE<br /><br />The Future Unreal Conditional is used to talk about imaginary situations in the future. It is not as common as the Future Real Conditional because English speakers often leave open the possibility that anything MIGHT happen in the future. It is only used when a speaker needs to emphasize that something is impossible. Because this form looks like Present Unreal Conditional, many native speakers prefer Form 2 described below.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I had a day off from work next week, I would go to the beach.<br /> I don't have a day off from work.<br /> * I am busy next week. If I had time, I would come to your party.<br /> I can't come.<br /> * Jerry would help me with my homework tomorrow if he didn't have to work.<br /> He does have to work tomorrow.<br /><br />FORM 2<br /><br />[If ... were + present participle ..., ... would be + present participle ...]<br /><br />[... would be + present participle ... if ... were + present participle ...]<br />USE<br /><br />Form 2 of the Future Unreal Conditional is also used to talk about imaginary situations in the future. Native speakers often prefer this form over Form 1 to emphasize that the conditional form is in the future rather than the present. Also notice in the examples below that this form can be used in the if-clause, the result, or both parts of the sentence.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I were going to Fiji next week, I would be taking my scuba diving gear with me. In if-clause and result<br /> I am not going to go to Fiji and I am not going to take my scuba gear with me.<br /> * If I were not visiting my grandmother tomorrow, I would help you study. In if-clause<br /> I am going to visit my grandmother tomorrow.<br /> * I am busy next week. If I had time, I would be coming to your party. In result<br /> I am not going to come to your party.<br /><br />FORM 3<br /><br />[If ... were going to + verb ..., ... would be + present participle ...]<br /><br />[... would be + present participle ... if ... were going to + verb ...]<br />USE<br /><br />Form 3 of the Future Unreal Conditional is a variation of Form 2 which is also used to talk about imaginary situations in the future. Notice that this form is only different from Form 2 in the if-clause. Native speakers use Form 3 to emphasize that the conditional form is a plan or prediction in the same way "be going to" is used to indicate a plan or prediction.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I were going to go to Fiji next week, I would be taking my scuba diving gear with me.<br /> I am not going to go to Fiji and I am not going to take my scuba gear with me.<br /> * If I were not going to visit my grandmother tomorrow, I would help you study.<br /> I am going to visit my grandmother tomorrow.<br /><br />IMPORTANT Only use "If"<br /><br />Only the word "if" is used with the Past Unreal Conditional because you are discussing imaginary situations. "When" cannot be used.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I would buy that computer tomorrow when it were cheaper. Not Correct<br /> * I would buy that computer tomorrow if it were cheaper. Correct<br /><br />EXCEPTION Conditional with Modal Verbs<br /><br />There are some special conditional forms for modal verbs in English:<br /><br />would + can = could<br /><br />would + shall = should<br /><br />would + may = might<br /><br />The words "can," "shall" and "may" cannot be used with "would." Instead, they must be used in these special forms.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I went to Egypt next year, I would can learn Arabic. Unfortunately, that's not possible. Not Correct<br /> * If I went to Egypt next year, I could learn Arabic. Unfortunately, that's not possible. Correct<br /><br />The words "could," should," "might" and "ought to" include conditional, so you cannot combine them with "would."<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I didn't have to work tonight, I would could go to the fitness center. Not Correct<br /> * If I didn't have to work tonight, I could go to the fitness center. Correct<br /><br />Future Real Conditional vs. Future Unreal Conditional<br /><br />To help you understand the difference between the Future Real Conditional and the Future Unreal Conditional, compare the examples below:<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If you help me move tomorrow, I will buy you dinner. Future Real Conditional<br /> I don't know if you can help me.<br /> * If you helped me move tomorrow, I would buy you dinner. Future Unreal Conditional<br /> You can't help me, or you don't want to help me.CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-69946372087981660702008-12-14T07:36:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.850-07:00PAST CONDITIONALPast Conditionals<br />Past Real Conditional<br />FORM<br /><br />[If / When ... Simple Past ..., ... Simple Past ...]<br /><br />[... Simple Past... if / when ... Simple Past ...]<br />USE<br /><br />The Past Real Conditional describes what you used to do in particular real-life situations. It suggests that your habits have changed and you do not usually do these things today.<br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I went to a friend's house for dinner, I usually took a bottle of wine or some flowers. I don't do that anymore.<br /> * When I had a day off from work, I often went to the beach. Now, I never get time off.<br /> * If the weather was nice, she often walked to work. Now, she usually drives.<br /> * Jerry always helped me with my homework when he had time. But he doesn't do that anymore.<br /> * A: What did you usually do when it rained?<br /> B: I usually stayed at home.<br /><br />IMPORTANT Used to<br /><br />The form "used to" expresses the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past. This form is commonly used in Past Real Conditional sentences to emphasize that something was a habit. The examples below have the same meaning as the examples above.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I went to a friend's house for dinner, I used to take a bottle of wine or some flowers. I don't do that anymore.<br /> * When I had a day off from work, I used to go to the beach. Now, I never get time off.<br /> * If the weather was nice, she used to walk to work. Now, she usually drives.<br /> * Jerry used to help me with my homework when he had time. But he doesn't do that anymore.<br /> * A: What did you usually do when it rained?<br /> B: I used to stay at home.<br /><br />IMPORTANT If / When<br /><br />Both "if" and "when" are used in the Past Real Conditional. Using "if" suggests that something happened less frequently. Using "when" suggests that something happened regularly.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * When I had a day off from work, I usually went to the beach.<br /> I regularly had days off from work.<br /> * If I had a day off from work, I usually went to the beach.<br /> I rarely had days off from work.<br /><br />Past Unreal Conditional<br />FORM<br /><br />[If ... Past Perfect ..., ... would have + past participle ... ]<br /><br />[... would have + past participle ... if ... Past Perfect ...]<br />USE<br /><br />The Past Unreal Conditional is used to talk about imaginary situations in the past. You can describe what you would have done differently or how something could have happened differently if circumstances had been different.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I had owned a car, I would have driven to work. But I didn't own one, so I took the bus.<br /> * She would have traveled around the world if she had had more money. But she didn't have much money, so she never traveled.<br /> * I would have read more as a child if I hadn't watched so much TV. Unfortunately, I did watch a lot of TV, so I never read for entertainment.<br /> * Mary would have gotten the job and moved to Japan if she had studied Japanese in school instead of French.<br /> * If Jack had worked harder, he would have earned more money. Unfortunately, he was lazy and he didn't earn much.<br /> * A: What would you have done if you had won the lottery last week?<br /> B: I would have bought a house.<br /> * A: What city would you have chosen if you had decided to move to the United States?<br /> B: I would have chosen Seattle.<br /><br />IMPORTANT Only use "If"<br /><br />Only the word "if" is used with the Past Unreal Conditional because you are discussing imaginary situations. "When" cannot be used.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I would have bought that computer when it had been cheaper. Not Correct<br /> * I would have bought that computer if it had been cheaper. Correct<br /><br />EXCEPTION Conditional with Modal Verbs<br /><br />There are some special conditional forms for modal verbs in English:<br /><br />would have + can = could have<br /><br />would have + shall = should have<br /><br />would have + may = might have<br /><br />The words "can," "shall" and "may" cannot be used with "would have." Instead, they must be used in these special forms.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I had gone to Egypt, I could have learned Arabic.<br /> * If she had had time, she might have gone to the party.<br /><br />The words "could," should," "might" and "ought to" include Conditional, so you cannot combine them with "would have."<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I had had more time, I could have exercised after work.<br /> * If he had invited you, you might have gone.CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-86525349057893722522008-12-14T07:35:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.842-07:00PRESENT CONDITIONALPresent Conditionals<br />Present Real Conditional<br />FORM<br /><br />[If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Present ...]<br /><br />[... Simple Present ... if / when ... Simple Present ...]<br />USE<br /><br />The Present Real Conditional is used to talk about what you normally do in real-life situations.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I go to a friend's house for dinner, I usually take a bottle of wine or some flowers.<br /> * When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.<br /> * If the weather is nice, she walks to work.<br /> * Jerry helps me with my homework when he has time.<br /> * I read if there is nothing on TV.<br /> * A: What do you do when it rains?<br /> B: I stay at home.<br /> * A: Where do you stay if you go to Sydney?<br /> B: I stay with my friends near the harbor.<br /><br />IMPORTANT If / When<br /><br />Both "if" and "when" are used in the Present Real Conditional. Using "if" suggests that something happens less frequently. Using "when" suggests that something happens regularly.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * When I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.<br /> I regularly have days off from work.<br /> * If I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.<br /> I rarely have days off from work.<br /><br />Present Unreal Conditional<br />FORM<br /><br />[If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...]<br /><br />[... would + verb ... if ... Simple Past ...]<br />USE<br /><br />The Present Unreal Conditional is used to talk about what you would generally do in imaginary situations.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I owned a car, I would drive to work. But I don't own a car.<br /> * She would travel around the world if she had more money. But she doesn't have much money.<br /> * I would read more if I didn't watch so much TV.<br /> * Mary would move to Japan if she spoke Japanese.<br /> * If they worked harder, they would earn more money.<br /> * A: What would you do if you won the lottery?<br /> B: I would buy a house.<br /> * A: Where would you live if you moved to the U.S.?<br /> B: I would live in Seattle.<br /><br />EXCEPTION If I were ...<br /><br />In the Present Unreal Conditional, the form "was" is not considered grammatically correct. In written English or in testing situations, you should always use "were." However, in everyday conversation, "was" is often used.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If he were French, he would live in Paris.<br /> * If she were rich, she would buy a yacht.<br /> * I would play basketball if I were taller.<br /> * I would buy that computer if it were cheaper.<br /> * I would buy that computer if it was cheaper. Not Correct (But often said in conversation.)<br /><br />IMPORTANT Only use "If"<br />Only the word "if" is used with the Present Unreal Conditional because you are discussing imaginary situations. "When" cannot be used.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I would buy that computer when it were cheaper. Not Correct<br /> * I would buy that computer if it were cheaper. Correct<br /><br />EXCEPTION Conditional with Modal Verbs<br /><br />There are some special conditional forms for modal verbs in English:<br /><br />would + can = could<br /><br />would + shall = should<br /><br />would + may = might<br /><br />The words "can," "shall" and "may" cannot be used with "would." Instead, they must be used in these special forms.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I went to Egypt, I would can learn Arabic. Not Correct<br /> * If I went to Egypt, I could learn Arabic. Correct<br /><br /> * If she had time, she would may go to the party. Not Correct<br /> * If she had time, she might go to the party. Correct<br /><br />The words "could," should," "might" and "ought to" include conditional, so you cannot combine them with "would."<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * If I had more time, I would could exercise after work. Not Correct<br /> * If I had more time, I could exercise after work. Correct<br /><br /> * If he invited you, you really would should go. Not Correct<br /> * If he invited you, you really should go. CorrectCATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-91578673212777314312008-12-14T07:12:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.836-07:00FUTURE IN THE PASTFuture in the Past<br /><br />Like Simple Future, Future in the Past has two different forms in English: "would" and "was going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two different meanings.<br />FORM Would<br /><br />[would + VERB]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I knew you would help him.<br /> * I knew you would not help him.<br /><br />FORM Was/Were Going To<br /><br />[was/were + going to + VERB]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I knew you were going to go to the party.<br /> * I knew you were not going to go to the party.<br /><br />USE 1 Future in Past<br /><br />Future in the Past is used to express the idea that in the past you thought something would happen in the future. It does not matter if you are correct or not. Future in the Past follows the same basic rules as the Simple Future. "Would" is used to volunteer or promise, and "was going to" is used to plan. Moreover, both forms can be used to make predictions about the future.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I told you he was going to come to the party. plan<br /> * I knew Julie would make dinner. voluntary action<br /> * Jane said Sam was going to bring his sister with him, but he came alone. plan<br /> * I had a feeling that the vacation was going to be a disaster. prediction<br /> * He promised he would send a postcard from Egypt. promise<br /><br />REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses<br /><br />Like all future forms, Future in the Past cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of using Future in the Past, you must use Simple Past.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I already told Mark that when he would arrive, we would go out for dinner. Not Correct<br /> * I already told Mark that when he arrived, we would go out for dinner. CorrectCATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-25597741524068862542008-12-14T07:11:00.001-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.828-07:00WOULD ALWAYSWould Always<br />FORM<br /><br />[would always + VERB]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You would always take your surfboard with you when you went to the beach.<br /> * Would you always take your surfboard with you when you went to the beach?<br /> * You would not always take your surfboard with you when you went to the beach.<br /><br />USE 1 Habit in the Past<br /><br />Like "used to" and Simple Past, "would always" expresses the idea that something was an old habit which stopped in the past. It says that an action was often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done now. Unlike "used to" and Simple Past, "would always" suggests that someone willingly acted that way and sometimes expresses annoyance or amusement at the habit. It also often suggests the habit was extreme. To express the opposite idea, we can say "would never" to indicate that someone never did something in the past, but now they do.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * She would always send me strange birthday gifts.<br /> * Sam and Mary would always choose the most exotic vacation destinations.<br /> * Sally would not always arrive early to class. She came late once or twice.<br /> * Ned would always show up at our house without calling first.<br /> * Mindy would not always walk to school. Sometimes, she took the bus.<br /> * Christine would always come late to the meetings.<br /> * Jeff would never pay for drinks when we went out together with our friends.<br /> Refusing to do something or normally not doing something is also a form of habit.<br /><br />REMEMBER "Would Always" is Different<br /><br />"Would always" is not exactly the same as "used to" or the Simple Past. "Would always" cannot be used to talk about past facts or generalizations. It can only be used for repeated actions.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Sarah was shy, but now she is very outgoing. Correct<br /> * Sarah used to be shy, but now she is very outgoing. Correct<br /> * Sarah would always be shy, but now she is very outgoing. Not Correct<br /><br />Forms Related to "Would Always"<br /><br />In addition to "would always," English speakers often use "would constantly," "would often," "would forever" or simply "would." Although the last form "would" is correct, it is not suggested because it can easily be confused with other verb forms such as the Conditional or Future in the Past. Similarly, speakers can use "would rarely," "would occasionally" and "would seldom" to express the idea that an action was not often repeated.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Jerry would come to the parties every weekend.<br /> * Jerry would constantly bring his girlfriend to the parties.<br /> * Jerry would often bring his best friend to the parties.<br /> * Jerry would occasionally bring his older brother to the parties.<br /> * Jerry would seldom bring his sister to the parties.<br /> * Jerry would never bring his younger brother to the parties.CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-60131298882225008492008-12-14T07:11:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.822-07:00USED TOUsed To<br />FORM<br /><br />[used to + VERB]<br /><br />Example:<br /><br /> * I used to go to the beach every day.<br /><br />It is better not to use "used to" in questions or negative forms; however, this is sometimes done in informal spoken English. It is better to ask questions and create negative sentences using Simple Past.<br />USE 1 Habit in the Past<br /><br />"Used to" expresses the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past. It indicates that something was often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done now.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Jerry used to study English.<br /> * Sam and Mary used to go to Mexico in the summer.<br /> * I used to start work at 9 o'clock.<br /> * Christine used to eat meat, but now she is a vegetarian.<br /><br />USE 2 Past Facts and Generalizations<br /><br />"Used to" can also be used to talk about past facts or generalizations which are no longer true.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I used to live in Paris.<br /> * Sarah used to be fat, but now she is thin.<br /> * George used to be the best student in class, but now Lena is the best.<br /> * Oranges used to cost very little in Florida, but now they are quite expensive.<br /><br />"Used to" vs. Simple Past<br /><br />Both Simple Past and "Used to" can be used to describe past habits, past facts and past generalizations; however, "used to" is preferred when emphasizing these forms of past repetition in positive sentences. On the other hand, when asking questions or making negative sentences, Simple Past is preferred.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You used to play the piano.<br /> * Did you play the piano when you were young?<br /> * You did not play the piano when you were young.CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-59832398992322838012008-12-14T07:10:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.969-07:00FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE<div style="text-align: justify;">Future Perfect Continuous<br /><br />Future Perfect Continuous has two different forms: "will have been doing " and "be going to have been doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.<br />FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Will"<br /><br />[will have been + present participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li>You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.</li><li> Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?</li><li> You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.</li></ul><br />FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Be Going To"<br /><br />[am/is/are + going to have been + present participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li>You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.</li><li> Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?</li><li>You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.</li></ul><br />NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning.<br />Complete List of Future Perfect Continuous Forms<br />USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Future<br /><br />We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li>They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.</li><li>She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes.</li><li>James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia.</li><li>How long will you have been studying when you graduate?</li><li>We are going to have been driving for over three days straight when we get to Anchorage.</li><li>A: When you finish your English course, will you have been living in New Zealand for over a year?</li></ul> B: No, I will not have been living here that long.<br /><br />Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because these future events are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.<br />USE 2 Cause of Something in the Future<br /><br />Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour.</li><li> Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years.</li></ul><br />Future Continuous vs. Future Perfect Continuous<br /><br />If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Future Continuous rather than the Future Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Future Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the future. Study the examples below to understand the difference.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> He will be tired because he will be exercising so hard.</li></ul> This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will be exercising at that exact moment in the future.<br /><ul><li> He will be tired because he will have been exercising so hard.</li></ul> This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will have been exercising for a period of time. It is possible that he will still be exercising at that moment OR that he will just have finished.<br /><br />REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses<br /><br />Like all future forms, the Future Perfect Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous is used.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> You won't get a promotion until you will have been working here as long as Tim. Not Correct</li><li> You won't get a promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim. Correct</li></ul><br />AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs<br /><br />It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Future Perfect .<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> Ned will have been having his driver's license for over two years. Not Correct</li><li> Ned will have had his driver's license for over two years. Correct</li></ul><br />ADVERB PLACEMENT<br /><br />The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> You will only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.</li><li> Will you only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?</li><li>You are only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.</li><li> Are you only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?</li></ul></div>CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-83320351616046898702008-12-14T07:09:00.001-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.962-07:00FUTURE PERFECT TENSEFuture Perfect<br /><br />Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.<br />FORM Future Perfect with "Will"<br /><br />[will have + past participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.</li><li> Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?</li><li> You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.</li></ul><br />FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"<br /><br />[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.</li><li> Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?</li><li>You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.</li></ul><br />NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning.<br />Complete List of Future Perfect Forms<br />USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future<br /><br />The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> By next November, I will have received my promotion.</li><li> By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house.</li><li> I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.</li><li> Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?</li><li>Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon.</li><li>By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.</li><li> How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?</li></ul><br />Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.<br />USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)<br /><br />With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li>I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.</li><li> By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.</li></ul><br />Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.<br />REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses<br /><br />Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect, Present Perfect is used.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not Correct</li><li>I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework. Correct</li></ul><br />ADVERB PLACEMENT<br /><br />The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> You will only have learned a few words.</li><li> Will you only have learned a few words?</li><li>You are only going to have learned a few words.</li><li> Are you only going to have learned a few words?</li></ul>CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-48520561807610522392008-12-14T07:09:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.875-07:00FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSEFuture Continuous<br /><br />Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.<br />FORM Future Continuous with "Will"<br /><br />[will be + present participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.<br /> * Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?<br /> * You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.<br /><br />FORM Future Continuous with "Be Going To "<br /><br />[am/is/are + going to be + present participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.<br /> * Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?<br /> * You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.<br /><br />REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with little difference in meaning.<br />Complete List of Future Continuous Forms<br />USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Future<br /><br />Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.<br /> * I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.<br /> * I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me.<br /> * He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.<br /><br />Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.<br />USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future<br /><br />In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.<br /> I will be in the process of eating dinner.<br /> * At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.<br /> We will be in the process of driving through the desert.<br /><br />REMEMBER<br /><br />In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to eat dinner.<br /> I am going to start eating at 6 PM.<br /> * Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.<br /> I am going to start earlier and I will be in the process of eating dinner at 6 PM.<br /><br />USE 3 Parallel Actions in the Future<br /><br />When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner.<br /> * Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.<br /> * While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.<br /> Notice "is reading" because of the time clause containing "while." (See Explanation Below)<br /><br />USE 4 Atmosphere in the Future<br /><br />In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future.<br /><br />Example:<br /><br /> * When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.<br /><br />REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses<br /><br />Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is used.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct<br /> * While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct<br /><br />AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs<br /><br />It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Future.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct<br /> * Jane will be at my house when you arrive. Correct<br /><br />ADVERB PLACEMENT<br /><br />The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You will still be waiting for her when her plane arrives.<br /> * Will you still be waiting for her when her plane arrives?<br /><br /> * You are still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives.<br /> * Are you still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives?CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-88783781754313103802008-12-14T07:08:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.883-07:00SIMPLE FUTURESimple Future<br /><br />Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.<br /><br />FORM Will<br /><br />[will + verb]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You will help him later.<br /> * Will you help him later?<br /> * You will not help him later.<br /><br />FORM Be Going To<br /><br />[am/is/are + going to + verb]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You are going to meet Jane tonight.<br /> * Are you going to meet Jane tonight?<br /> * You are not going to meet Jane tonight.<br /><br />Complete List of Simple Future Forms<br />USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action<br /><br />"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I will send you the information when I get it.<br /> * I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.<br /> * Will you help me move this heavy table?<br /> * Will you make dinner?<br /> * I will not do your homework for you.<br /> * I won't do all the housework myself!<br /> * A: I'm really hungry.<br /> B: I'll make some sandwiches.<br /> * A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.<br /> B: I'll get you some coffee.<br /> * A: The phone is ringing.<br /> B: I'll get it.<br /><br />USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise<br /><br />"Will" is usually used in promises.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I will call you when I arrive.<br /> * If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.<br /> * I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.<br /> * Don't worry, I'll be careful.<br /> * I won't tell anyone your secret.<br /><br />USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan<br /><br />"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.<br /> * She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.<br /> * A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?<br /> B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.<br /> * I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.<br /> * Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.<br /> * They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.<br /> * Who are you going to invite to the party?<br /> * A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?<br /> B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.<br /><br />USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction<br /><br />Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.<br /> * The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.<br /><br /> * John Smith will be the next President.<br /> * John Smith is going to be the next President.<br /><br /> * The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.<br /> * The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.<br /><br />IMPORTANT<br /><br />In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.<br />No Future in Time Clauses<br /><br />Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct<br /> * When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct<br /><br />ADVERB PLACEMENT<br /><br />The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You will never help him.<br /> * Will you ever help him?<br /><br /> * You are never going to meet Jane.<br /> * Are you ever going to meet Jane?CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-15044843436783577202008-12-14T07:06:00.001-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.895-07:00PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSEPast Perfect Continuous<br />FORM<br /><br />[had been + present participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.<br /> * Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?<br /> * You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.<br /><br />Complete List of Past Perfect Continuous Forms<br />USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past<br /><br />We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.<br /> * She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.<br /> * How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?<br /> * Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.<br /> * James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia.<br /> * A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?<br /> B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.<br /><br />USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past<br /><br />Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Jason was tired because he had been jogging.<br /> * Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.<br /> * Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.<br /><br />Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous<br /><br />If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * He was tired because he was exercising so hard.<br /> This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment.<br /> * He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.<br /> This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished.<br /><br />REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs<br /><br />It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Past Perfect.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct<br /> * The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct<br /><br />ADVERB PLACEMENT<br /><br />The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived.<br /> * Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived?CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-37421739678136486632008-12-14T07:06:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.889-07:00PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSEPast Perfect Continuous<br />FORM<br /><br />[had been + present participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.<br /> * Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?<br /> * You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.<br /><br />Complete List of Past Perfect Continuous Forms<br />USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past<br /><br />We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.<br /> * She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.<br /> * How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?<br /> * Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.<br /> * James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia.<br /> * A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?<br /> B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.<br /><br />USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past<br /><br />Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Jason was tired because he had been jogging.<br /> * Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.<br /> * Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.<br /><br />Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous<br /><br />If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * He was tired because he was exercising so hard.<br /> This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment.<br /> * He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.<br /> This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished.<br /><br />REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs<br /><br />It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Past Perfect.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct<br /> * The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct<br /><br />ADVERB PLACEMENT<br /><br />The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived.<br /> * Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived?CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-56376188678032552902008-12-14T07:05:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.901-07:00PAST PERFECT TENSEPast Perfect<br />FORM<br /><br />[had + past participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You had studied English before you moved to New York.<br /> * Had you studied English before you moved to New York?<br /> * You had not studied English before you moved to New York.<br /><br />Complete List of Past Perfect Forms<br />USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past<br /><br />The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.<br /> * I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.<br /> * Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.<br /> * Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?<br /> * She only understood the movie because she had read the book.<br /> * Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.<br /> * We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.<br /> * A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?<br /> B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.<br /><br />USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)<br /><br />With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.<br /> * By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.<br /> * They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.<br /><br />Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.<br />IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect<br /><br />Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.<br /><br />Example:<br /><br /> * She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.<br /><br />MOREOVER<br /><br />If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.<br /> * She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.<br /><br />HOWEVER<br /><br />If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct<br /> * She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct<br /><br />ADVERB PLACEMENT<br /><br />The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.<br /> * Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-24539109300579229262008-12-14T07:04:00.001-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.914-07:00PRESENT PERFECT TENSEPresent Perfect<br />FORM<br /><br />[has/have + past participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You have seen that movie many times.<br /> * Have you seen that movie many times?<br /> * You have not seen that movie many times.<br /><br />Complete List of Present Perfect Forms<br />USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now<br /><br />We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I have seen that movie twenty times.<br /> * I think I have met him once before.<br /> * There have been many earthquakes in California.<br /> * People have traveled to the Moon.<br /> * People have not traveled to Mars.<br /> * Have you read the book yet?<br /> * Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.<br /> * A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?<br /> B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.<br /><br />How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?<br /><br />The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:<br />TOPIC 1 Experience<br /><br />You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I have been to France.<br /> This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.<br /> * I have been to France three times.<br /> You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.<br /> * I have never been to France.<br /> This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.<br /> * I think I have seen that movie before.<br /> * He has never traveled by train.<br /> * Joan has studied two foreign languages.<br /> * A: Have you ever met him?<br /> B: No, I have not met him.<br /><br />TOPIC 2 Change Over Time<br /><br />We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You have grown since the last time I saw you.<br /> * The government has become more interested in arts education.<br /> * Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.<br /> * My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.<br /><br />TOPIC 3 Accomplishments<br /><br />We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Man has walked on the Moon.<br /> * Our son has learned how to read.<br /> * Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.<br /> * Scientists have split the atom.<br /><br />TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting<br /><br />We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * James has not finished his homework yet.<br /> * Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.<br /> * Bill has still not arrived.<br /> * The rain hasn't stopped.<br /><br />TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times<br /><br />We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * The army has attacked that city five times.<br /> * I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.<br /> * We have had many major problems while working on this project.<br /> * She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.<br /><br />Time Expressions with Present Perfect<br /><br />When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.<br /><br />Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Have you been to Mexico in the last year?<br /> * I have seen that movie six times in the last month.<br /> * They have had three tests in the last week.<br /> * She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.<br /> * My car has broken down three times this week.<br /><br />NOTICE<br /><br />"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I went to Mexico last year.<br /> I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.<br /> * I have been to Mexico in the last year.<br /> I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.<br /><br />USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)<br /><br />With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I have had a cold for two weeks.<br /> * She has been in England for six months.<br /> * Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.<br /><br />Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-7977078845683748312008-12-14T07:04:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.907-07:00PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSPresent Perfect Continuous<br />FORM<br /><br />[has/have + been + present participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You have been waiting here for two hours.<br /> * Have you been waiting here for two hours?<br /> * You have not been waiting here for two hours.<br /><br />Complete List of Present Perfect Continuous Forms<br />USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now<br /><br />We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * They have been talking for the last hour.<br /> * She has been working at that company for three years.<br /> * What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?<br /> * James has been teaching at the university since June.<br /> * We have been waiting here for over two hours!<br /> * Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?<br /><br />USE 2 Recently, Lately<br /><br />You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Recently, I have been feeling really tired.<br /> * She has been watching too much television lately.<br /> * Have you been exercising lately?<br /> * Mary has been feeling a little depressed.<br /> * Lisa has not been practicing her English.<br /> * What have you been doing?<br /><br />IMPORTANT<br /><br />Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.<br />REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs<br /><br />It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct<br /> * Sam has had his car for two years. Correct<br /><br />ADVERB PLACEMENT<br /><br />The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You have only been waiting here for one hour.<br /> * Have you only been waiting here for one hour?CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-70833748076718380722008-12-14T07:03:00.001-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.927-07:00SIMPLE PAST TENSESimple Past<br />FORM<br /><br />[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You called Debbie.<br /> * Did you call Debbie?<br /> * You did not call Debbie.<br /><br />Complete List of Simple Past Forms<br />USE 1 Completed Action in the Past<br /><br />Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I saw a movie yesterday.<br /> * I didn't see a play yesterday.<br /> * Last year, I traveled to Japan.<br /> * Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.<br /> * Did you have dinner last night?<br /> * She washed her car.<br /> * He didn't wash his car.<br /><br />USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions<br /><br />We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.<br /> * He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.<br /> * Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?<br /><br />USE 3 Duration in Past<br /><br />The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I lived in Brazil for two years.<br /> * Shauna studied Japanese for five years.<br /> * They sat at the beach all day.<br /> * They did not stay at the party the entire time.<br /> * We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.<br /> * A: How long did you wait for them?<br /> B: We waited for one hour.<br /><br />USE 4 Habits in the Past<br /><br />The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I studied French when I was a child.<br /> * He played the violin.<br /> * He didn't play the piano.<br /> * Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?<br /> * She worked at the movie theater after school.<br /> * They never went to school, they always skipped class.<br /><br />USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations<br /><br />The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.<br /> * He didn't like tomatoes before.<br /> * Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?<br /> * People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.<br /><br />IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First<br /><br />Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.<br /> * She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.<br /><br />When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.<br /><br />Example:<br /><br /> * I paid her one dollar when she answered my questionCATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-27321551146477309282008-12-14T07:03:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.921-07:00PAST CONTINUOUS TENSEPast Continuous<br />FORM<br /><br />[was/were + present participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You were studying when she called.<br /> * Were you studying when she called?<br /> * You were not studying when she called.<br /><br />Complete List of Past Continuous Forms<br />USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past<br /><br />Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I was watching TV when she called.<br /> * When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.<br /> * While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.<br /> * What were you doing when the earthquake started?<br /> * I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.<br /> * You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.<br /> * While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.<br /> * Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.<br /> * While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.<br /> * A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?<br /> B: I was snowboarding.<br /><br />USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption<br /><br />In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.<br /> * At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.<br /> * Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.<br /><br />IMPORTANT<br /><br />In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.<br /> I started eating at 6 PM.<br /> * Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.<br /> I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.<br /><br />USE 3 Parallel Actions<br /><br />When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I was studying while he was making dinner.<br /> * While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.<br /> * Were you listening while he was talking?<br /> * I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.<br /> * What were you doing while you were waiting?<br /> * Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.<br /> * They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.<br /><br />USE 4 Atmosphere<br /><br />In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.<br /><br />Example:<br /><br /> * When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.<br /><br />USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"<br /><br />The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * She was always coming to class late.<br /> * He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.<br /> * I didn't like them because they were always complaining.<br /><br />While vs. When<br /><br />Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I was studying when she called.<br /> * While I was studying, she called.<br /><br />REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs<br /><br />It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct<br /> * Jane was at my house when you arrived. CorrectCATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-82537897069593104712008-12-14T07:02:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.933-07:00PRESENT CONTONUOUS TENSEPresent Continuous<br />FORM<br /><br />[am/is/are + present participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You are watching TV.<br /> * Are you watching TV?<br /> * You are not watching TV.<br /><br />Complete List of Present Continuous Forms<br />USE 1 Now<br /><br />Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * You are learning English now.<br /> * You are not swimming now.<br /> * Are you sleeping?<br /> * I am sitting.<br /> * I am not standing.<br /> * Is he sitting or standing?<br /> * They are reading their books.<br /> * They are not watching television.<br /> * What are you doing?<br /> * Why aren't you doing your homework?<br /><br />USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now<br /><br />In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.<br /><br />Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)<br /><br /> * I am studying to become a doctor.<br /> * I am not studying to become a dentist.<br /> * I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.<br /> * I am not reading any books right now.<br /> * Are you working on any special projects at work?<br /> * Aren't you teaching at the university now?<br /><br />USE 3 Near Future<br /><br />Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * I am meeting some friends after work.<br /> * I am not going to the party tonight.<br /> * Is he visiting his parents next weekend?<br /> * Isn't he coming with us tonight?<br /><br />USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"<br /><br />The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * She is always coming to class late.<br /> * He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.<br /> * I don't like them because they are always complaining.<br /><br />REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs<br /><br />It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Present.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> * She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct<br /> * She loves this chocolate ice cream. CorrectCATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-31561064149614838892008-12-14T06:56:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.939-07:00SIMPLE PRESENT TENSESimple Present<br />FORM<br /><br />[VERB] + s/es in third person<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> You speak English.</li><li> Do you speak English?</li><li> You do not speak English.</li></ul><br />Complete List of Simple Present Forms<br />USE 1 Repeated Actions<br /><br />Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> I play tennis.</li><li> She does not play tennis.</li><li> Does he play tennis?</li><li> The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.</li><li> The train does not leave at 9 AM.</li><li> When does the train usually leave?</li><li> She always forgets her purse.</li><li> He never forgets his wallet.</li><li> Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.</li><li> Does the Sun circle the Earth?</li></ul><br />USE 2 Facts or Generalizations<br /><br />The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> Cats like milk.</li><li> Birds do not like milk.</li><li> Do pigs like milk?</li><li> California is in America.</li><li> California is not in the United Kingdom.</li><li> Windows are made of glass.</li><li> Windows are not made of wood.</li><li> New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.</li></ul><br />USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future<br /><br />Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.</li><li> The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.</li><li> When do we board the plane?</li><li> The party starts at 8 o'clock.</li><li> When does class begin tomorrow?</li></ul><br />USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)<br /><br />Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> I am here now.</li><li> She is not here now.</li><li> He needs help right now.</li><li> He does not need help now.</li><li> He has his passport in his hand.</li><li> Do you have your passport with you?</li></ul>CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2635019749023783947.post-53951382143631466052008-11-23T23:57:00.000-08:002009-04-15T10:17:51.948-07:00PRESENT CONTINUOUSPresent Continuous<br />FORM<br /><br />[am/is/are + present participle]<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> You are watching TV.</li><li> Are you watching TV?</li><li> You are not watching TV.</li></ul><br />Complete List of Present Continuous Forms<br />USE 1 Now<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzC1IFfvOgQrPkAvw1eiKCfwylU2Uab6fQuiB5kKTPZl9vM5lKhMdMvwbXsM5cfFCquoVEH1448K2X0mBQr6WLZRHCESyxiMiNS4hi-tZ3IioOXk2bd_dI2AIEBtUI2pq8P-hdak3njoV0/s1600-h/presentcontinuousnow.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 258px; height: 50px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzC1IFfvOgQrPkAvw1eiKCfwylU2Uab6fQuiB5kKTPZl9vM5lKhMdMvwbXsM5cfFCquoVEH1448K2X0mBQr6WLZRHCESyxiMiNS4hi-tZ3IioOXk2bd_dI2AIEBtUI2pq8P-hdak3njoV0/s320/presentcontinuousnow.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5272130687989119010" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> You are learning English now.</li><li>You are not swimming now.</li><li> Are you sleeping?</li><li>I am sitting.</li><li> I am not standing.</li><li> Is he sitting or standing?</li><li> They are reading their books.</li><li> They are not watching television.</li><li>What are you doing?</li><li> Why aren't you doing your homework?</li></ul><br />USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_oaTiqN0RjXalSUU5_ld1j4XPnULWLhsJXEJPDuRnqLYiUDj8Qi19POoCu-5VyGe62FKw9yzmmWbDofRimQDc8AtUPPbxASMsbJj_drtsltufXX8U5upLCwdlG5nwpQC597gWMNr2CSB5/s1600-h/presentcontinuouslongnow.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 258px; height: 50px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_oaTiqN0RjXalSUU5_ld1j4XPnULWLhsJXEJPDuRnqLYiUDj8Qi19POoCu-5VyGe62FKw9yzmmWbDofRimQDc8AtUPPbxASMsbJj_drtsltufXX8U5upLCwdlG5nwpQC597gWMNr2CSB5/s320/presentcontinuouslongnow.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5272131087322519138" border="0" /></a><br /><br />In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.<br /><br />Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)<br /><br /><ul><li> I am studying to become a doctor.</li><li> I am not studying to become a dentist.</li><li> I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.</li><li> I am not reading any books right now.</li><li> Are you working on any special projects at work?</li><li> Aren't you teaching at the university now?</li></ul><br />USE 3 Near Future<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVNcsAqGjFD3hvKtV3a4BTjccdxZYFRgADwRa6RyHqeAtDLJTfMTrbgJzTtcrAWRi1-Smm3ahoqJLiBm0SGSj2HaKVNSKD3v3zSgRsPEpSO7-VBzgzHZeUU5fosPIgje9eGixTa6mF02Cn/s1600-h/simplepresentusual.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 258px; height: 50px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVNcsAqGjFD3hvKtV3a4BTjccdxZYFRgADwRa6RyHqeAtDLJTfMTrbgJzTtcrAWRi1-Smm3ahoqJLiBm0SGSj2HaKVNSKD3v3zSgRsPEpSO7-VBzgzHZeUU5fosPIgje9eGixTa6mF02Cn/s320/simplepresentusual.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5272131447172633762" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> I am meeting some friends after work.</li><li> I am not going to the party tonight.</li><li> Is he visiting his parents next weekend?</li><li> Isn't he coming with us tonight?</li></ul><br />USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFclBOEhoh4MR-SMmAZ-AKYzCCix26xpR9fVFl0O79y3ZlhuyNiyvDb8ascztFn7qQDwmdA2cSZ1Ph7cM3sBR9qR7KZV48GXOmLQ93dJKkoisZGpXMhAA_8M15Yk72qmxj_TAT7Cz8KRl1/s1600-h/simplepresentusual.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 258px; height: 50px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFclBOEhoh4MR-SMmAZ-AKYzCCix26xpR9fVFl0O79y3ZlhuyNiyvDb8ascztFn7qQDwmdA2cSZ1Ph7cM3sBR9qR7KZV48GXOmLQ93dJKkoisZGpXMhAA_8M15Yk72qmxj_TAT7Cz8KRl1/s320/simplepresentusual.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5272131838396510882" border="0" /></a><br /><br />The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> She is always coming to class late.</li><li> He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.</li><li> I don't like them because they are always complaining.</li></ul><br />REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs<br /><br />It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Present.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct</li><li> She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct</li></ul><br />ADVERB PLACEMENT<br /><br />The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /> You are still watching TV.<br /> Are you still watching TV?<br /><br />ACTIVE / PASSIVE<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br /><ul><li> Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Active</li><li> Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. Passive</li></ul>CATATAN FIDOKANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04495037043642452696noreply@blogger.com0